Marchesini G, Dioguardi FS, Bianchi GP, et al. Long-term oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. A randomized double-blind casein-controlled trial. The Italian Multicenter Study Group. J Hepatol 1990;11:92-101. View abstract. Burk A, Timpmann S, Medijainen L, et al. Time-divided ingestion pattern of casein-based protein supplement stimulates an increase in fat-free body mass during resistance training in young untrained men. Nutr Res 2009;29(6):405-13. View abstract. von Berg A, Koletzko S, Grubl A, et al. The effect of hydrolyzed cow's milk formula for allergy prevention in the first year of life: the German Infant Nutritional Intervention Study, a randomized double-blind trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003;111(3):533-40. View abstract. Dideriksen, K. J., Reitelseder, S., Petersen, S. G., Hjort, M., Helmark, I. C., Kjaer, M., and Holm, L. Stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by whey and caseinate ingestion after resistance exercise in elderly individuals. Scand.J Med.Sci Sports 2011;21(6):e372-e383. View abstract.

Acheson, K. J., Blondel-Lubrano, A., Oguey-Araymon, S., Beaumont, M., Emady-Azar, S., Ammon-Zufferey, C., Monnard, I., Pinaud, S., Nielsen-Moennoz, C., and Bovetto, L. Protein choices targeting thermogenesis and metabolism. Am J Clin.Nutr 2011;93(3):525-534. View abstract. Devries MC, Phillips SM. Supplemental protein in support of muscle mass and health: advantage whey. J Food Sci 2015;80 Suppl 1:A8-A15. View abstract. Casein is a lyophilic colloid akin to albumin and gelatin. It is isoelectric at pH 4.6 where its solubility in water is but 0.01 percent. It is amphoteric: below pH 4.6 casein forms moderately soluble salts such as casein chloride; above pH 4.6 casein forms salts with bases. Sodium caseinate and other alkali salts are soluble without limit, while calcium caseinate, other alkaline earth salts, and heavy metal salts are nearly insoluble. Caseinates readily form gels when slowly coagulated from concentrated solutions. Formaldehyde forms an insoluble compound with casein. Casein is insoluble in most organic solvents. Paracasein is less lyophilic but otherwise identical with casein. ManufactureOne study found that participants who consumed casein protein powder before a meal ate less at that meal than people who had whey protein, egg albumin (made from egg whites) or water alone. Chen L, Xu R, McDonald JD, Bruno RS, Choueiry F, Zhu J. Dairy Milk Casein and Whey Proteins Differentially Alter the Postprandial Lipidome in Persons with Prediabetes: A Comparative Lipidomics Study. J Agric Food Chem 2022;70(33):10209-10220. View abstract. Cuevas, A. M., Irribarra, V. L., Castillo, O. A., Yanez, M. D., and Germain, A. M. Isolated soy protein improves endothelial function in postmenopausal hypercholesterolemic women. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. 2003;57(8):889-894. View abstract.

Hirsch S, Bunout D, de la Maza P, et al. Controlled trial on nutrition supplementation in outpatients with symptomatic alcoholic cirrhosis. JPEN Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993;17(2):119-24. View abstract. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration doesn’t regulate supplements. So, it’s a good idea to look for a casein supplement that underwent third-party testing. It’s usually a sign of a higher quality product. Casein food sources Amino acids combine to form proteins. There are 20 amino acids that your body needs to work correctly, and they join in various ways to create different proteins. Kearns PJ, Young H, Garcia G, et al. Accelerated improvement of alcoholic liver disease with enteral nutrition. Gastroenterology 1992;102(1):200-5. View abstract.Reitelseder, S., Agergaard, J., Doessing, S., Helmark, I. C., Lund, P., Kristensen, N. B., Frystyk, J., Flyvbjerg, A., Schjerling, P., van, Hall G., Kjaer, M., and Holm, L. Whey and casein labeled with L-[1-13C]leucine and muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol.Metab 2011;300(1):E231-E242. View abstract. A powdered casein supplement can help you get high amounts of it, according to Homan. The most common form of casein powder is micellar casein, or you can get a rapidly absorbing type (casein hydrolysate). One serving typically contains 24 to 27 grams of protein. Mix with water to create a protein shake, or add it to smoothies, yogurt or baked goods. Gunn TR, Stunzer D. A comparative trial of casein or whey-predominant formulae in healthy infants. N Z Med J 1986;99(813):843-6. View abstract.

If you have a milk allergy, the proteins in milk trigger your immune system and cause it to overreact. People with a milk allergy are allergic to casein, whey or both. Manders RJ, Hansen D, Zorenc AH, et al. Protein co-ingestion strongly increases postprandial insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes patients. J Med Food 2014;17(7):758-63. View abstract. Boulhosa RS, Oliveira LP, Jesus RP, et al. The impact of nutritional supplementation on quality of life in patients infected with hepatitis C virus. J Hum Nutr Diet 2013;26 Suppl 1:7-15. View abstract. Kashyap S, Okamoto E, Kanaya S, et al. Protein quality in feeding low birth weight infants: a comparison of whey-predominant versus casein-predominant formulas. Pediatrics 1987;79(5):748-55. View abstract.People with kidney disease often need to limit their protein. Too much protein can cause too much waste in your blood. If your kidneys can’t remove the waste, the buildup of toxins can lead to serious health complications. Nilausen, K. and Meinertz, H. Lipoprotein(a) and dietary proteins: casein lowers lipoprotein(a) concentrations as compared with soy protein. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;69(3):419-425. View abstract.