B.F. Skinner investigated operant conditioning of voluntary and involuntary behavior. Skinner felt that some behavior could be explained by the person’s motive. Therefore behavior occurs for a reason, and the three main behavior shaping techniques are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. There are several different ways in which it is possible to define ‘abnormal’ as opposed to our ideas of what is ‘normal.’ Statistical Infrequency

The self is an ‘organised, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself’. It includes a person’s awareness of ‘what they are and what they can do’, influencing both their perception of the world and their behavior. We evaluate every experience in terms of self, and most human behavior can be understood as an attempt to maintain consistency between our self-image and our actions. Time must also be taken into account, as what is considered abnormal at one time in one culture may be normal at another time, even in the same culture. Observed behavior is likely to have developed because it is adaptive. It has been naturally selected, i.e., individuals who are best adapted to survive and reproduce. behaviors may even be sexually selected, i.e., individuals who are most successful in gaining access to mates leave behind more offspring. While scientific research has yet to determine the actual effectiveness of subliminal messages, companies and other organizations still use them. [8] A bit of healthy editing and shading is far better in helping us understand who we are, where we have come from, and where we might be heading in the future. The primary role of autobiographical memory is to help us understand our place in the world, past, present, and future. ~Morrison, 2013

Psychology Facts

Freud’s psychoanalysis is both a theory and therapy. It is the original psychodynamic theory and inspired psychologists such as Jung and Erikson to develop their own psychodynamic theories. Freud’s work is vast, and he has contributed greatly to psychology as a discipline. The mind is therefore equipped with ‘instincts’ that enabled our ancestors to survive and reproduce. Sarah. "Becoming Disabled by Choice, Not Chance: 'Transabled' People Feel Like Impostors in Their Fully Working Bodies." National Post, June 4, 2015. Accessed: September 30, 2019.

occasionally tip the balance towards real aggression. In the mix, there may also be individuals who are simply aggressive, and who find the ferment of a match an ideal context in which to indulge in overt aggression … Ed. "Ever Had The Urge To Just Jump? You Might Have Experienced The 'High Place Phenomenon.'" Medical Daily. March 16, 2016. Accessed: September 30, 2019. Most psychologists would agree that no one approach is correct, although in the past, in the early days of psychology, the behaviorist would have said their perspective was the only truly scientific one. Secondary traits are less consistent and influential than central traits and refer to tastes, preferences, political persuasions, reactions to particular situations, and so on. It’s the gender that gives us a sense of personal identity as male or female (Wade and Tavris, 1994). An even stronger argument for the social construction of gender comes from studies of societies where there are more than two genders.At any one time, a type of behavior might be considered normal, whereas, at another time, the same behavior could be abnormal, depending on both context and situation. the impression we form of them. Was their behavior something to do with them ‘as a person’, such as their motives, intentions, or personality (an internal cause)? Or was it something to do with the situation, including some other person or some physical feature of the environment (an external cause)? Nevertheless, psychoanalysis has been greatly contributory to psychology in that it has encouraged many modern theorists to modify it for the better, using its basic principles, but eliminating its major flaws. Humanistic Perspective Christopher. " Why Early Blindness Prevents Schizophrenia." Psychology Today, February 3, 2013. Accessed: September 29, 2019. Notable anti-psychiatrists were Michel Foucault, R.D. Laing, Thomas Szasz, and Franco Basaglia. Some observations made are: