On December 1, 1948, President José Figueres Ferrer of Costa Rica abolished the Costa Rican military. [82] In 1949, the abolition of the military was introduced in Article 12 of the Costa Rican constitution. The budget previously dedicated to the military is now dedicated to providing healthcare services and education. [83] Antiwar literature of the 20th century [ edit ] An important thinker who contributed to pacifist ideology was Russian writer Leo Tolstoy. In one of his latter works, The Kingdom of God is Within You, Tolstoy provides a detailed history, account and defense of pacifism. Tolstoy's work inspired a movement named after him advocating pacifism to arise in Russia and elsewhere. [43] The book was a major early influence on Mahatma Gandhi, and the two engaged in regular correspondence while Gandhi was active in South Africa. [44] Lunardini, Christine A. The ABC-CLIO companion to the American peace movement in the twentieth century (1994) online free to borrow Cooper, Andrew. "Recalling Nichidatsu Fujii". Tricycle: The Buddhist Review . Retrieved 10 July 2021.

From the 16th to the 18th centuries, a number of thinkers devised plans for an international organisation that would promote peace, and reduce or even eliminate the occurrence of war. These included the French politician Duc de Sully, the philosophers Émeric Crucé and the Abbe de Saint-Pierre, and the English Quakers William Penn and John Bellers. [31] [32] The Lemba religion of southern French Congo, along with its symbolic herb, is named for pacifism: " lemba, lemba" (peace, peace), describes the action of the plant lemba-lemba ( Brillantaisia patula T. Anders). [18] Likewise in Cabinda, " Lemba is the spirit of peace, as its name indicates." [19] Moriori [ edit ] The United Pentecostal Church, the largest Apostolic/ Oneness denomination, takes an official stand of conscientious objection: its Articles of Faith read, "We are constrained to declare against participating in combatant service in war, armed insurrection... aiding or abetting in or the actual destruction of human life. We believe that we can be consistent in serving our Government in certain noncombatant capacities, but not in the bearing of arms." [108] Other denominations [ edit ] A Peace poppy wreath, made of Peace poppies, with a CND symbol inside at a British Remembrance Day event SBC, " Baptist Faith and Message 2000" ". Archived from the original on 3 March 2009 . Retrieved 22 January 2008. Johnston, Alastair I (1998). Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History. Princeton University Press. pp.66–67.Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye dislike it. But it is possible that ye dislike a thing which is good for you, and that ye love a thing which is bad for you… Indeed, those who have believed and those who have emigrated and fought (jihad ) in the cause of Allah – those expect the mercy of Allah. And Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches. Logansport: Emmanuel Association. 2002. pp.15–17. Ahmadiyya claims its objective to be the peaceful propagation of Islam with special emphasis on spreading the true message of Islam by the pen. Ahmadis point out that as per prophecy, who they believe was the promised messiah, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, rendered the concept of violent jihad unnecessary in modern times. They believe that the answer of hate should be given by love. [133] Many Muslims consider Ahmadi Muslims as either kafirs or heretics, an animosity sometimes resulting in murder. [134] [135] [136] Jainism [ edit ] Tapping into just war theory conditional pacifism represents a spectrum of positions departing from positions of absolute pacifism. One such conditional pacifism is the common pacificism, which may allow defense but is not advocating a default defensivism [10] or even interventionism.

Non violence, or ahimsa, is a central part of Hinduism and is one of the fundamental Yamas – self restraints needed to live a proper life. The concept of ahimsa grew gradually within Hinduism, one of the signs being the discouragement of ritual animal sacrifice. Many Hindus today have a vegetarian diet. The classical texts of Hinduism devote numerous chapters discussing what people who practice the virtue of Ahimsa, can and must do when they are faced with war, violent threat or need to sentence someone convicted of a crime. These discussions have led to theories of just war, theories of reasonable self-defence and theories of proportionate punishment. [113] [114] Arthashastra discusses, among other things, why and what constitutes proportionate response and punishment. [115] [116] Daoist Philosophy – 10. "Celestial Masters Daoism" ". Archived from the original on 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 13 February 2009. Rempel, Michael (1978). "The Dilemmas of British Pacifists during World War 2". Journal of Modern History. 50 (4): D1213–D1229. doi: 10.1086/241842. JSTOR 1877299. S2CID 143552484.

The Quakers were prominent advocates of pacifism, who as early as 1660 had repudiated violence in all forms and adhered to a strictly pacifist interpretation of Christianity. They stated their beliefs in a declaration to King Charles II: Ian Patterson, "Pacifists and Conscientious Objectors", in Adam Piette and Mark Rawlinson, The Edinburgh Companion to Twentieth-Century British and American War Literature, Edinburgh University Press, 2012. ISBN 0748638741 (p. 311). Still more pacifists would argue that a nonviolent reaction may not save lives immediately but would in the long run. The acceptance of violence for any reason makes it easier to use in other situations. Learning and committing to pacifism helps to send a message that violence is, in fact, not the most effective way. It can also help people to think more creatively and find more effective ways to stop violence without more violence.

Winder, Virginia. "Conflict and Protest – Pacifist of Parihaka – Te Whiti o Rongomai". Archived from the original on 5 July 2009 . Retrieved 29 July 2007. The French pacifists André and Magda Trocmé helped conceal hundreds of Jews fleeing the Nazis in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon. [71] [72] After the war, the Trocmés were declared Righteous Among the Nations. [71] Germany [ edit ] Henderson, Gavin B. "The Pacifists of the Fifties" Journal of Modern History 9#3, (1937), pp.314–341 online 1850s in Britain The Southern Baptist Convention has stated in the Baptist Faith and Message, "It is the duty of Christians to seek peace with all men on principles of righteousness. In accordance with the spirit and teachings of Christ they should do all in their power to put an end to war." [110]Abdoolcarim, Zoher (21 April 2011). "The 2011 Time 100 – Time". Time. ISSN 0040-781X . Retrieved 10 July 2021.

Archived copy". Archived from the original on 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2009. {{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) After the immense loss of nearly ten million men to trench warfare, [52] a sweeping change of attitude toward militarism crashed over Europe, particularly in nations such as Great Britain, where many questioned its involvement in the war. After World War I's official end in 1918, peace movements across the continent and the United States renewed, gradually gaining popularity among young Europeans who grew up in the shadow of Europe's trauma over the Great War. Organizations formed in this period included the War Resisters' International, [53] the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, the No More War Movement, the Service Civil International and the Peace Pledge Union (PPU). The League of Nations also convened several disarmament conferences in the interbellum period such as the Geneva Conference, though the support that pacifist policy and idealism received varied across European nations. These organizations and movements attracted tens of thousands of Europeans, spanning most professions including "scientists, artists, musicians, politicians, clerks, students, activists and thinkers." [54] Great Britain [ edit ] In fact, jihad as physical fighting for the spread of Islam is so prominent in the traditional teaching of Islam that it is sometimes referred to as the sixth pillar of Islam. In the earliest hadith collections, sections on jihad immediately follow those on the five pillars. [8] The primary meaning of jihad has always been physical fighting. This applies to the Qur’an, the hadith, Islamic history and classical Islamic hermeneutics. An American Witness to India's Partition by Phillips Talbot Year (2007) Sage Publications ISBN 978-0761936183 Lewis, James R. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1615927388.Burhani, Ahmad Najib (2013). When Muslims are not Muslims: the Ahmadiyya community and the discourse on heresy in Indonesia. Santa Barbara, California: University of California. ISBN 978-1303424861.